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`We are like dwarfs sitting on the shoulders of giants''

                from The Metalogicon by John in 1159

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• Notice of Copyright For This Document:
  • GNU Free Documentation License
  • Potto Project License
  
  
•   CONTRIBUTOR LIST
  • How to contribute to this book
  • Credits
    • John Martones
    • Grigory Toker
    • Ralph Menikoff
    • Your name here
    • Typo corrections and other "minor" contributions
  
  
• About This Author
• Prologue For The POTTO Project
• Prologue For This Book
  • Version 0.4.3 Sep. 15, 2006
  • Version 0.4.2
  • Version 0.4
  • Version 0.3
  
  
• How This Book Was Written
• About Gas Dynamics Calculator
  • Version 0.5
  • Version 0.4.3
  • Version 0.4.1.7
  
  
• Preface
• To Do List and Road Map
  • Speed of Sound
  • Stagnation effects
  • Nozzle
  • Normal Shock
  • Isothermal Flow
  • Fanno Flow
  • Rayleigh Flow
  • Evacuation and filling semi rigid Chambers
  • Evacuating and filling chambers under external forces
  • Oblique Shock
  • Prandtl-Meyer
  • Transient problem
  
  
• Introduction
  • What is Compressible Flow ?
  • Why Compressible Flow is Important?
  • Historical Background
    • Early Developments
      • Speed of Sound
    • The shock wave puzzle
    • Choking Flow
      • Nozzle Flow
      • Nozzle flow
      • Rayleigh Flow
      • Fanno Flow
      • Isothermal Flow
    • External flow
    • Filling and Evacuating Gaseous Chambers
    • Biographies of Major Figures
      • Galileo Galilei
      • Ernest Mach (1838-1916)
      • John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)
      • William John Macquorn Rankine
      • Gino Girolamo Fanno
      • Ludwig Prandtl
      • E.R.G. Eckert
      • Ascher Shapiro
  
  
• Fundamentals of Basic Fluid Mechanics
  • Introduction
  • Fluid Properties
  • Control Volume
  • Reynold's Transport Theorem
  
  
• Speed of Sound
  • Motivation
  • Introduction
  • Speed of sound in ideal and perfect gases
  • Speed of Sound in Real Gas
  • Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
  • Speed of Sound in Solids
  • Sound Speed in Two Phase Medium
  
  
• Isentropic Flow
  • Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
    • General Relationship
    • Relationships for Small Mach Number
  • Isentropic Converging-Diverging Flow in Cross Section
    • The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
      • The pressure Mach number relationship
      • Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
    • Isentropic Flow Examples
    • Mass Flow Rate (Number)
      • ``Naughty Professor'' Problems in Isentropic Flow
      • Flow with pressure losses
  • Isentropic Tables
    • Isentropic Isothermal Flow Nozzle
    • General Relationship
  • The Impulse Function
    • Impulse in Isentropic Adiabatic Nozzle
    • The Impulse Function in Isothermal Nozzle
  • Isothermal Table
  • The effects of Real Gases
  
  
• Normal Shock
  • Solution of the Governing Equations
    • Informal Model
    • Formal Model
      • The Maximum Conditions
      • The Star Conditions
    • Prandtl's Condition
  • Operating Equations and Analysis
    • The Limitations of the Shock Wave
    • Small Perturbation Solution
    • Shock Thickness
    • Shock or Wave Drag
  • The Moving Shocks
    • Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock
    • Shock Result from a Sudden and Complete Stop
    • Moving Shock into Stationary Medium (Suddenly Open Valve)
      • General Velocities Issues
      • Shock-Choke Phenomenon
    • Partially Open Valve
    • Partially Closed Valve
    • Worked-out Examples for Shock Dynamics
  • Shock Tube
  • Shock with Real Gases
  • Shock in Wet Steam
  • Normal Shock in Ducts
  • More Examples for Moving Shocks
  • Tables of Normal Shocks, k=1.4 Ideal Gas
  
  
• Normal Shock in Variable Duct Areas
  • Nozzle efficiency
  • Diffuser Efficiency
  
  
• Nozzle Flow With External Forces
  • Isentropic Nozzle (Q=0)
  • Isothermal Nozzle (T=constant)
  
  
• Isothermal Flow
  • The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
  • Dimensionless Representation
  • The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
  • Comparison with Incompressible Flow
  • Supersonic Branch
  • Figures and Tables
  • Isothermal Flow Examples
  • Unchoked situations in Fanno Flow
  
  
• Fanno Flow
  • Introduction
  • Model
  • Non-Dimensionalization of the Equations
  • The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked?
    • Why the flow is choked?
    • The Trends
  • The working equations
  • Examples of Fanno Flow
  • Supersonic Branch
  • Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
  • Working Conditions
    • Variations of The Tube Length (4fL/D) Effects
      • Fanno Flow Subsonic branch
      • Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
    • The Pressure Ratio, P2/P1, effects
      • Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
      • Fanno Flow Short 4fL/D
      • Long 4fL/D
    • Entrance Mach number, M1, effects
  • The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
    • Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fL/D and Pressure Ratio
    • Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given Entrance Mach Number and Pressure Ratio
  • The Approximation of the Fanno Flow by Isothermal Flow
  • More Examples of Fanno Flow
  • The Table for Fanno Flow
  
  
• Rayleigh Flow
  • Introduction
  • Governing Equation
  • Rayleigh Flow Tables
  • Examples For Rayleigh Flow
  
  
• Evacuating SemiRigid Chambers
  • Governing Equations and Assumptions
  • General Model and Non-dimensioned
    • Isentropic Process
    • Isothermal Process in The Chamber
    • A Note on the Entrance Mach number
  • Rigid Tank with Nozzle
    • Adiabatic Isentropic Nozzle Attached
      • Filling/Evacuating The Chamber Under Upchucked Condition
    • Isothermal Nozzle Attached
  • Rapid evacuating of a rigid tank
    • With Fanno Flow
    • Filling Process
    • The Isothermal Process
    • Simple Semi Rigid Chamber
    • The ``Simple'' General Case
  • Advance Topics
  
  
• Evacuating under External Volume Control
  • General Model
    • Rapid Process
    • Examples
    • Direct Connection
  • Summary
  
  
• Oblique Shock
  • Preface to Oblique Shock
  • Introduction
    • Introduction to Oblique Shock
    • Introduction to Prandtl-Meyer Function
    • Introduction to Zero Inclination
  • Oblique Shock
  • Solution of Mach Angle
    • Upstream Mach number, M1, and deflection angle, δ
      • The case of D >= 0 or 0 >= delta
    • Upstream Mach Number, M1, and Shock Angle, θ
    • Given Two Angles, δ and θ
    • Flow in a Semi-2D Shape
    • Small δ ``Weak Oblique shock''
    • Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
    • Maximum Value of Oblique shock
  • Detached Shock
    • Issues Related to the Maximum Deflection Angle
    • Oblique Shock Examples
    • Application of Oblique Shock
    • Optimization of Suction Section Design
    • Retouch of Shock or Wave Drag
  • Summary
  • Appendix: Oblique Shock Stability Analysis
  
  
• Prandtl-Meyer Function
  • Introduction
  • Geometrical Explanation
    • Alternative Approach to Governing Equations
    • Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches
  • The Maximum Turning Angle
  • The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
  • d'Alembert's Paradox
  • Examples For Prandtl-Meyer Function
  • Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
  
  
• Computer Program
  • About the Program
  • Usage
  • Program listings
  
  
• Index
• About this document ...

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Next: Notice of Copyright For   Index

Created by:Genick Bar-Meir, Ph.D.
On: 2007-11-21