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Next: Notice of Copyright For   Index

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`We are like dwarfs sitting on the shoulders of giants''

                from The Metalogicon by John in 1159

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• Notice of Copyright For This Document:
  • GNU Free Documentation License
  • Potto Project License
  
  
•   CONTRIBUTOR LIST
  • How to contribute to this book
  • Credits
    • John Martones
    • Grigory Toker
    • Ralph Menikoff
    • Your name here
    • Typo corrections and other "minor" contributions
  
  
• About This Author
• Prologue For The POTTO Project
• Prologue For This Book
  • Version 0.4.3 Sep. 15, 2006
  • Version 0.4.2
  • Version 0.4
  • Version 0.3
  
  
• How This Book Was Written
• About Gas Dynamics Calculator
  • Version 0.5
  • Version 0.4.3
  • Version 0.4.1.7
  
  
• Preface
• To Do List and Road Map
  • Speed of Sound
  • Stagnation effects
  • Nozzle
  • Normal Shock
  • Isothermal Flow
  • Fanno Flow
  • Rayleigh Flow
  • Evacuation and filling semi rigid Chambers
  • Evacuating and filling chambers under external forces
  • Oblique Shock
  • Prandtl-Meyer
  • Transient problem
  
  
• Introduction
  • What is Compressible Flow ?
  • Why Compressible Flow is Important?
  • Historical Background
    • Early Developments
      • Speed of Sound
    • The shock wave puzzle
    • Choking Flow
      • Nozzle Flow
      • Nozzle flow
      • Rayleigh Flow
      • Fanno Flow
      • Isothermal Flow
    • External flow
    • Filling and Evacuating Gaseous Chambers
    • Biographies of Major Figures
      • Galileo Galilei
      • Ernest Mach (1838-1916)
      • John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)
      • William John Macquorn Rankine
      • Gino Girolamo Fanno
      • Ludwig Prandtl
      • E.R.G. Eckert
      • Ascher Shapiro
  
  
• Fundamentals of Basic Fluid Mechanics
  • Introduction
  • Fluid Properties
  • Control Volume
  • Reynold's Transport Theorem
  
  
• Speed of Sound
  • Motivation
  • Introduction
  • Speed of sound in ideal and perfect gases
  • Speed of Sound in Real Gas
  • Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid
  • Speed of Sound in Solids
  • Sound Speed in Two Phase Medium
  
  
• Isentropic Flow
  • Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model
    • General Relationship
    • Relationships for Small Mach Number
  • Isentropic Converging-Diverging Flow in Cross Section
    • The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle
      • The pressure Mach number relationship
      • Relationship Between the Mach Number and Cross Section Area
    • Isentropic Flow Examples
    • Mass Flow Rate (Number)
      • ``Naughty Professor'' Problems in Isentropic Flow
      • Flow with pressure losses
  • Isentropic Tables
    • Isentropic Isothermal Flow Nozzle
    • General Relationship
  • The Impulse Function
    • Impulse in Isentropic Adiabatic Nozzle
    • The Impulse Function in Isothermal Nozzle
  • Isothermal Table
  • The effects of Real Gases
  
  
• Normal Shock
  • Solution of the Governing Equations
    • Informal Model
    • Formal Model
      • The Maximum Conditions
      • The Star Conditions
    • Prandtl's Condition
  • Operating Equations and Analysis
    • The Limitations of the Shock Wave
    • Small Perturbation Solution
    • Shock Thickness
    • Shock or Wave Drag
  • The Moving Shocks
    • Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock
    • Shock Result from a Sudden and Complete Stop
    • Moving Shock into Stationary Medium (Suddenly Open Valve)
      • General Velocities Issues
      • Shock-Choke Phenomenon
    • Partially Open Valve
    • Partially Closed Valve
    • Worked-out Examples for Shock Dynamics
  • Shock Tube
  • Shock with Real Gases
  • Shock in Wet Steam
  • Normal Shock in Ducts
  • More Examples for Moving Shocks
  • Tables of Normal Shocks, k=1.4 Ideal Gas
  
  
• Normal Shock in Variable Duct Areas
  • Nozzle efficiency
  • Diffuser Efficiency
  
  
• Nozzle Flow With External Forces
  • Isentropic Nozzle (Q=0)
  • Isothermal Nozzle (T=constant)
  
  
• Isothermal Flow
  • The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations
  • Dimensionless Representation
  • The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch
  • Comparison with Incompressible Flow
  • Supersonic Branch
  • Figures and Tables
  • Isothermal Flow Examples
  • Unchoked situations in Fanno Flow
  
  
• Fanno Flow
  • Introduction
  • Model
  • Non-Dimensionalization of the Equations
  • The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked?
    • Why the flow is choked?
    • The Trends
  • The working equations
  • Examples of Fanno Flow
  • Supersonic Branch
  • Maximum Length for the Supersonic Flow
  • Working Conditions
    • Variations of The Tube Length (4fL/D) Effects
      • Fanno Flow Subsonic branch
      • Fanno Flow Supersonic Branch
    • The Pressure Ratio, P2/P1, effects
      • Choking explanation for pressure variation/reduction
      • Fanno Flow Short 4fL/D
      • Long 4fL/D
    • Entrance Mach number, M1, effects
  • The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch
    • Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fL/D and Pressure Ratio
    • Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given Entrance Mach Number and Pressure Ratio
  • The Approximation of the Fanno Flow by Isothermal Flow
  • More Examples of Fanno Flow
  • The Table for Fanno Flow
  
  
• Rayleigh Flow
  • Introduction
  • Governing Equation
  • Rayleigh Flow Tables
  • Examples For Rayleigh Flow
  
  
• Evacuating SemiRigid Chambers
  • Governing Equations and Assumptions
  • General Model and Non-dimensioned
    • Isentropic Process
    • Isothermal Process in The Chamber
    • A Note on the Entrance Mach number
  • Rigid Tank with Nozzle
    • Adiabatic Isentropic Nozzle Attached
      • Filling/Evacuating The Chamber Under Upchucked Condition
    • Isothermal Nozzle Attached
  • Rapid evacuating of a rigid tank
    • With Fanno Flow
    • Filling Process
    • The Isothermal Process
    • Simple Semi Rigid Chamber
    • The ``Simple'' General Case
  • Advance Topics
  
  
• Evacuating under External Volume Control
  • General Model
    • Rapid Process
    • Examples
    • Direct Connection
  • Summary
  
  
• Oblique Shock
  • Preface to Oblique Shock
  • Introduction
    • Introduction to Oblique Shock
    • Introduction to Prandtl-Meyer Function
    • Introduction to Zero Inclination
  • Oblique Shock
  • Solution of Mach Angle
    • Upstream Mach number, M1, and deflection angle, δ
      • The case of D >= 0 or 0 >= delta
    • Upstream Mach Number, M1, and Shock Angle, θ
    • Given Two Angles, δ and θ
    • Flow in a Semi-2D Shape
    • Small δ ``Weak Oblique shock''
    • Close and Far Views of the Oblique Shock
    • Maximum Value of Oblique shock
  • Detached Shock
    • Issues Related to the Maximum Deflection Angle
    • Oblique Shock Examples
    • Application of Oblique Shock
    • Optimization of Suction Section Design
    • Retouch of Shock or Wave Drag
  • Summary
  • Appendix: Oblique Shock Stability Analysis
  
  
• Prandtl-Meyer Function
  • Introduction
  • Geometrical Explanation
    • Alternative Approach to Governing Equations
    • Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches
  • The Maximum Turning Angle
  • The Working Equations for the Prandtl-Meyer Function
  • d'Alembert's Paradox
  • Examples For Prandtl-Meyer Function
  • Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion
  
  
• Computer Program
  • About the Program
  • Usage
  • Program listings
  
  
• Index
• About this document ...

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Next: Notice of Copyright For   Index

Created by:Genick Bar-Meir, Ph.D.
On: 2007-11-21

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About Potto Project

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Potto Project is under open content licenses, which means that you will always have the freedom to use it, make copies of it, and improve it. You are encouraged to make use of these freedoms and share the textbooks and program with your family and friends!

Copyright (C) 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003 Dr. Genick Bar-Meir.
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